Dosar: Telefoanele mobile si sanatatea
Odata cu raspandirea pe scara larga a telefoanelor mobile au aparut si multe teorii despre posibilelele efecte secundare ale acestora asupra sanatatii. Desi s-au facut mai multe studii in aceasta directie, dovedirea posibilelor riscuri asupra sanatatii este greu de realizat, iar pentru industria telecomunicatiilor argumentele sunt neconvingatoare.
Telefoanele mobile actioneaza doar intr-o mica masura in spectrul radio, care face parte din spectrul electromagnetic ne-ionizat si despre care se stie ca nu are efecte daunatoare asupra sanatatii.
Pentru ca, in prezent, antenele telefoanelor mobile asigura o acoperite aproape totala si aparatele mobile sunt foarte aproape de parti importante ale sistemului nervos, oamenii de stiinta au inceput sa faca cercetari detaliate asupra potentialelor riscuri asupra sanatatii pe care le implica folosirea telefoanelor mobile.
In 1999, Comisia Europeana a impus primul standard european privind expunerea la campurile electromagnetice generate de telefoanele mobile. Standardul a fost inclus in directiva 1999/5/EC si obliga producatorii sa garanteze ca produsele lor nu cauzeaza probleme de sanatate.
Mai mult, Comisia a considerat necesara promovarea unui proiect comunitar care sa protejeze masele impotriva efectelor nocive ale radiatiei ne-ionizate. Acesta a fost inclus ca parte din demersurile de asigurare a unui nivel ridicat de protectie a sanatatii cetatenilor din Uniune.
Desele schimbari din domeniul telefoniei mobile si lipsa unor prevederi sau a unei ghidari adecvate au dus la o stare de confuzie si insecuritate printre cetateni si au subminat, de asemenea, increderea in institutiile ce au in vedere protectia sanatatii.
Un asemenea cadru legal a fost pus in aplicare la recomandarea Consiliului in articolul 152 al Tratatului Comunitatii Europene, care acopera principii generale privind limitarea expunerii la telefoanele mobile, pentru a preveni efectele secundare asupra sanatatii.
In iunie 1998, Comisia a propus Consiliului un proiect de recomandare privind limitarea expunerii cetatenilor la campurile electromagnetice (0 Hz- 300 Ghz). Consiliul a adoptat recomandarea la 12 iule 1999.
Principalele masuri propuse:
- Limitarea expunerii la campuri electromagnetice
- Informarea publicului asupra riscurilor existente si a masurilor de protectie privind expunerea la campuri electromagnetice
- Stabilirea uneor standarde europene privind campurile electromagnetice
Recomandarea solicita statelor membre sa raporteze Comisiei fiecare regula (corelata sau nu cu aceste domeniu) ce ar putea fi adoptata la nivel national. Un raport al Comisiei din 2002 prezinta un update al eforturilor pe care statele membre le-au facut pentru reducerea riscurilor prin expunerea la campurile electromagnetice.
Principalele aspecte analizate se refera la:
- Riscurile speciale in ceea ce priveste copiii
- Implicatiile survenite in cazul proximitatii fata de statiile de emisie. Argumente pro si contra referitoare la folosirea aparatelor hands-free
- Credibilitatea cercetarilor realizate
- Masuri ce ar trebui adoptate la nivel guvernamental
Principalele subiecte dezbatute:
- Utilizarea actuala a telefoanelor mobile de catre un procent tot mai mare al populatiei a dus la o lipsa de date privind efectele pe termen lung ale expunerii la radiatiile telefoanelor mobile si antenelor principale de emisie. Doua studii desfasurate pe parcursul a zece ani in Marea Britanie si alte cinci tari nordice sunt cele mai de durata cercetari in ceea ce priveste cercetarile in domeniu.
- De asemenea, lipsesc date stiintifice privind ricurile expunerii la radiatiile emise de antenele retelei de telefonie mobila. Odata cu aparitia generatiei de telefoane 3G, aceste retele sunt mai dese si din ce in ce mai puternice.
- Proiectul REFLEX din cadrul Programului de Cercetare Cinci (FP5) a furnizat rezultatele unui studiu in-vitro asupra riscurilor potentiale ale expunerii la campuri electromagnetice
- Proiectul GUARD (FP5) a emis rezultate despre efectele telefoanelor celulare GSM asupra sistemului auditiv
- Proiectele EMF-NET si EMFnEAR (FP6) prevazute pentru urmatorii ani, vor cerceta indeaproape efectele biologoce ale campurilor electromagnetice si existenta unor posibile efecte negative ale telefoanelor mobile 3G (UMTS).
- Efectele nocive ale undelor radioactive, care intial nu au fost recunoscute ca fiind daunatoare sanatatii, sunt adesea citate ca pretext pentru o abordare atenta a problemei de catre institutiile decizionale.
Pozitii ale Actorilor UE:
Opiniile diverselor cercetari efectuate converg aproape in unanimitate catre concluzia ca nu exista dovezi stiintifice referitoare la legatura dintre undele electromagentice emise de telefoanele mobile si aparitia diverselor boli. Acest lucru a fost confirmat de un studiu efectuat de catre un grup de cercetatori de la Insitutul de Cercetare a Cancerului din Londra si publicat pe 30 august 2006, in British Journal of Cancer. Studiul a analizat posibila legatura dintre folosirea telefoanelor mobile si aparitia unei tumori benigne la nervul care face legatura dintre ureche si creier. Acest nerv fiind expus radiatiilor provenite de la telefonul mobil, ar fi cel mai afectat daca ar exista reale riscuri de sanatate datorita radiatiilor.
Cercetatorii au descoperit un numar usor mai ridicat de persoane care au manifestat tumori localizate la urechea pe care o foloseau cel mai frecvent in timpul convorbirilor la telefonul mobil. Dar nu s-a gasit vreo legatura directa si evidenta intre numarul si durata convorbirilor telefonice sau a timpului total al folosirii telefonului mobil si aceasta tumora a sistemului auditiv. Concluziile studiului sunt valabile doar in cazul unei situatii de folosire zilnica a telefonului mobil timp de pana la 10 ani, iar acesta nu a luat in calcul si riscurile produse de radiatiile de la retelele de antene.
Linkuri:
Documente oficiale ale UE:
- Council: Recommendation on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 to 300 GHz) [FR] [DE] (30 July 1999)
- Parliament (OEIL): Public health: limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields 0Hz-300GHz. Recommendation [FR]
- DG Information Society: Health-related effects of Electromagnetic fields (EMF)
- Eur-Lex: Directive on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity [FR] [DE] (7 April 1999)
- DG Health: Implementation report on the Council Recommendation limiting the public exposure to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz) (2002)
- Commission (Scientific Committee on toxicity, ecotoxicity and environment): Opinion on "Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Health" - Reply to question B (24 September 2002) Commission (Scientific Committee on toxicity, ecotoxicity and environment): (appendix) (17 December 2002)
- Commission (Scientific Committee on toxicity, ecotoxicity and environment): Opinion on Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF), Radio Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health (30 October 2001)
- Commission: Press Release - Safer mobile phones: European Commission publishes new safety standard on electromagnetic fields
- DG Enterprise: Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment - Health and Safety
- DG Health: Electromagnetic fields programme
- DG Research: RTD Info - edition on "Mobile phones and health" (August 2005)
- Parliament (STOA - Scientific and Technological Options Assessment): Briefing Note - Electromagnetic Fields and Health (February 2001)
Organizatii Internationale
- World Health Organisation (WHO): International EMF Project
- WHO: Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health - Mobile Telephones and Their Base Stations (June 2000) [FR]
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): The INTERPHONE study First results (January 2004)
Guverne
- Swedish Radiation Protection Authority: First annual report from SSI"s Independent Expert Group on Electromagnetic Fields (18 December 2003)
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale (AFSSE): Avis de l"AFSSE sur la téléphonie mobile (16 April 2003)
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale (AFSSE): Communiqué de presse: Avis de l"AFSSE sur la téléphonie mobile (17 April 2003)
- AFSSE: Opinion on mobile telephony (18 May 2005) [FR]
- French National Assembly: Report on mobile phones and health (7 November 2002)
- French Ministries of Health and Economy: Renforcement de l'information pour les utilisateurs de téléphone mobile (1 March 2002)
- French Department of Employment and Solidarity: Téléphones mobiles, leurs stations de base et la santé (February 2001)
- Germany: Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) - Electromagnetic Fields
- Germany: Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) - Deutsches Mobilfunk Forschungsprogramm
- UK Departement of Health: Mobile Phones and Health - Mobile Phone Base Stations and Health
- UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI): Mobile Phones, Health and the Environment
- National Radiological Protection Board (UK): Report - Exposure to Radio Waves near Mobile Phone Base Stations (June 2000) [Abstract]
- National Radiological Protection Board (UK): Electromagnetic Fields
- UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI): Mobile Phones, Health and the Environment
- Finnish Department of Social Affairs and Health: Radiation protection
- Germany, Federal Ministry of the Economy and of Labour Mobilfunk-Gesundheit
- Royal Society of Canada for Health Canada: A Re view of the Potential Health Risks of Radiofrequency Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Devices (1999)
- US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS): Report on Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields (1999)
- US Food and Drug Administration: Consumer information on wireless phones
- Office fédéral suisse de la santé publique: Téléphones portables: mesures visant à réduire la charge des rayonnements
- Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones (IEGMP): Report: Mobile Phones and Health
Federatii Industriale
- MMF: Northern European Acoustic Neuroma Study (30 August 2005)
- Mobile Manufacturers Forum (MMF): Health policy update - May 2004
- Ericsson: Radio waves and health - Radio base station antenna sites (March 2005)
- MMF: Mobile Phone Base Stations EMF / Health Fact Pack (February 2005)
- MMF: Mobile phones - health and safety issues (December 2000)
- Ericsson: Radio waves and health - Radio bas station antenna sites (March 2005)
- Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk
- GSM Association: Health and Environment Issues
- GSM Europe: Health, Environment, Society (September 2004)
- GSM Europe: Health, Environment, Society: Second mobile communications seminar (September 2004)
- Ericsson: Health and Safety in Mobile Telephony
- Nokia: How safe are mobile telephones?
- Nokia: Activities in Bio-electromagnetics Research
- Motorola: Wireless phones and health
- ETNO: ETNO Reflection Document on Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Issues (October 2001)
Think-tank-uri si organizatii academice
- International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
- Anna Lahkola and others: Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries Full text (pay-per-view) , Abstract (International Journal of Cancer; 17 January 2007)
- Joachim Schüz and others: A comparison of self-reported cellular telephone use with subscriber data: Agreement between the two methods and implications for risk estimation (Pay-per view), Abstract (Bioelectromagnetics, 2007)
- Joachim Schüz: Mobile phone use and exposures in children (Pay-per view), Abstract (Bioelectromagnetics, 2005)
- M J Schoemaker, A J Swerdlow, and others: Mobile phone use and risk of acoustic neuroma: results of the Interphone case-control study in five North European countries Press Release (30 August 2005), Abstract, Full text (pay-per-view)
- New Scientist: Cellphones safe - at least in the short term
- International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
- FP5 project GUARD ("Potential adverse effects of GMS cellular phones on hearing")
- FP6 project EMF-NET ("Effects of the exposure to EMF: from science to public health and safer workplace")
- FP6 project EMFnEAR ("Exposure at UMTS electomagnetic fields: Study on potential adversial effects on hearing")
- University of Bath: Mobile phone danger - media myth fuelled by government precaution? (November 2003)
- The EMR Policy Insitute: Dutch Government Study Finds Non-Thermal Effects from Exposure to Mobile Telecommunications Antennas (23 October 2003) Which! Online Consumer Association, press release: Mobile phone hands-free kits tested by Which! (3 April 2000)
- BEUC, The European Consumers' Organisation: Your mobile may not be so user-friendly [FR] (20 January 2003) Kenneth R. Foster - John E. Moulder: Health Effects of Mobile Phones: Recent Scientific and Policy Developments (27 April 2000)
- EMF: Use of Cellular Telephones and the Risk for Brain Tumours: A Case-Control Study (Abstract) (July 31, 2000)
- Which! Online Consumer Association, press release: Concerns about hands-free kits remain, says Which! (2 November 2000) Earthpulse: Cell phone convenience or 21st century plague?
- COST 281: Potential Health Implications from Mobile Communication Systems
- European BioElectromagnetics Association (EBEA)
- Belgian BioElectroMagnetic Group [FR]
- Société Française de Radioprotection: Rayonnements Non Ionisants
- Medical College of Wisconsin: Cellular Phone Antennas (Mobile Phone Base Stations) and Human Health
- VerUm - Stiftung für Verhalten und Umwelt: REFLEX ('Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards from Low Energy Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods')
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